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PRN News

HIV-1 Dual Infection: Real or Imagined?

HIV-1 dual infection, coinfection or superinfection, happens and that it may happen rather frequently. Dual infection has identifiable consequences affecting clinical care of patients who already have HIV and are at continued risk of superinfection. To make matters worse, recombination can occur when two distinct viral variants infect the same cell, adding to the genetic diversity of HIV worldwide, and further complicating the development of a preventive vaccine.

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management

Joseph McGowan, MD and Sanjiv Shah, MD

Understanding HIV Tropism

The ability of HIV to bond to different coreceptors for cell entry is known as tropism. After attaching to CD4, HIV must also bind to one of two additional coreceptors. The predominant coreceptor is CCR5, especially early in the course of infection; alternately HIV may be able to bind to CXCR4, either instead of or in addition to CCR5. Viral and host cell factors determine viral tropism and the dynamics of viral attachment prior to cell entry. Tropism has critical implications for HIV care. This article explains tropism and explores how it may influence decisions regarding the use of CCR5 antagonists for disease management.

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coinfections

Jason Bratcher, MD, MBA and Joel Palefsky, MD

Anogenital Human Papillomavirus Coinfection and Associated Neoplasia in HIV-positive Men and Women

The incidence of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) and anal cancer, caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), is much higher in HIV-positive women and HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) than in the general population, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV disease has had little or no impact on this trend. There is a growing need for definitive guidelines to assess for AIN in HIV-positive individuals, and with better treatment options available, it is even more crucial to identify these patients at an earlier stage. New York is the first state to institute recommendations for anal cytology screening in HIV-positive patients.

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complications

Todd T. Brown, MD, PhD

Selected Endocrine Topics in HIV: Osteoporosis and Adrenal Insufficiency

The care of HIV-infected patients has become increasingly complex. Endocrine problems, such as osteoporosis and AI, have been frequently reported in the HAART era. Additional considerations may be required regarding the etiologies, diagnosis, and treatment compared with the general population. Further research is required to understand the intricacies of these problems in HIV-infected patients in order to provide optimal care.

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progression

Saurabh Mehandru, MD

The Gastrointestinal Tract in HIV-1 Infection: Questions, Answers, and More Questions!

The GI tract is targeted during all stages of HIV disease, and this is especially so during acute and early HIV infection. CD4 cells are preferentially lost from the GI tract within weeks of HIV infection. Despite long-term antiretroviral therapy, CD4+T-cell reconstitution remains deficient in the GI tract in spite of the reconstitution seen in the peripheral blood.

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CME

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PRN is pleased to offer this new CME opportunity designed for physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants caring for patients with or at risk for HIV disease and its many complications. Based on content from The PRN Notebook, credit for each course will be available for a limited period of time noted on each activity.

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Full PRN membership is now open to clinicians nationwide.

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